regaining speech after brain injury

He is not talking but responds only when you call his name. Communities > Traumatic Brain Injury > Regaining Speech . Traumatic Brain Injury: Hope Through Research. Shakespeare once wrote “the brain is[...], So I broke my clavicle last month. Communities > Traumatic Brain Injury > Regaining Speech . Brain damage after cardiac arrest It is estimated that eight out of ten ' successful' resuscitations (where the person remains alive), the patient becomes comatose and eventuelly has brain injury. However, for a variety of reasons (e.g. Go ahead and pick up my new book for nutritional guidance (https://feedabrain.com/book), and send me an email at [email protected] (write CONSULT in the subject to ensure it doesn’t get lost). Let’s have a conversation. My dad has treament on brain anerusym and it was very gud…bt he cant talk properly what to do?..plz help me.. Hi! by Howard Gerber on August 16, 2019 Howard Gerber on August 16, 2019 I would love to hear more from you if you’re interested in helping me with the book! I am glad you are at peace. Today she walks but has balance issues and walks a bit off. Remember that he is only a little over a month out. Any advice would be wonderful. A good way to learn more about these possible supports is to make a contact with the Brain Injury Association of America’s National Brain Injury Information Center (www.biausa.org, 1-800-444-6443) and obtain contact information for the closest state brain injury association (BIAA) chapter. presence of other difficulties), individuals may respond differently to therapy. If you turn off life support, you will never know, if you don’t, and now they are suffering, you wish you had. Traumatic Brain Injury and Post Concussion Syndrome For traumatic brain injury ... and post concussion syndrome (PCS). Traumatic brain injuries are usually emergencies and consequences can worsen rapidly without treatment. With speech after traumatic brain injuries, it is important to be aware of the symptoms as well as treatment options. New home health SLP not doing much as of yet…any thoughts/suggestions/resources? Brain surgery can also lead to behavioral changes, creating even more stress for the individual and the family. Among the parts of the brain most vulnerable to injury is the temporal lobe where memories are stored. Hi Cavin, I would like to firstly thank you for sharing your experience with us all. There are ways to help regain speech after a stroke, and learn to communicate again. I could never get an answer as to what chemical in the body was running when I got tired or what was restored when I had a nap. Today he walks but has balance issues and walks a bit off. This is so inspirational! He wants to walk , talk , and eat , I just tried to give him some soup because he wanted to , He couldn’t I had to take it out . National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. The Preferred Practice Patterns for a comprehensive speech and language assessment are outlined in section 10. A number of strategies can help a person with traumatic brain injury cope with complications that affect everyday activities, communication and interpersonal relationships. Send me an email at [email protected] to request a free discovery call. Acquired brain injury can be grouped into two main types, according to cause: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) results from a trauma to the head, e.g. Using Principles of Motor Learning to Treat Apraxia of Speech after Traumatic Brain Injury. My husband had hit a young boy and was in coma for 2 days..he is out of the hdu and being fed liquids by mouth. A TBI can vary in severity and symptoms. When this happens, don’t give up. I am writing a novel and one of the characters suffered a TBI and is recovering. Medical Reviewer: William C. Lloyd III, MD, FACS. Throughout my recovery journey, the inabilities to breathe, walk, and talk on my own were extremely difficult. Aphasia. The injury can result in speech, language, communication and swallowing difficulties. “Speech therapy takes a lot of concentration and there are a number of factors that hinder it,” explains Read. I have had a very challenging 7 years or so myself, firstly my Fiancee (we were together for 11 years) suffered a basal ganglia stroke and was left with locked in syndrome. People may have problems with orientation, attention and concentration, perception, comprehension, learning, organization of thought, problem solving, memory, and speech. Although recovery of communication abilities may be slower after the first six months following a brain injury, improvements can still be made for years. Family and caregiver involvement is also important in the process of language rehabilitation. See/hear the podcast with my SLP: Kathryn Hayes: See my post about my tracheal resection surgery adventure: Speech-Language Pathology – The TBI Patient Perspective. The content on Healthgrades does not provide medical advice. We haven’t found anyone who can help us out. He also has right side hemiplegia(he can’t move his right arm/leg) if you have any advice on how I can help him progress on his recovery we’d appreciate it! I would love if you can give me any guidance on how I can possibly start to make his myscles stronger, sometimes he wont chew his food, which is a big concern. TBIs also affect cognition and communication. When you are unable to eat for months, primal instincts override rationality. These implications can create lifetime challenges for living and learning for children, their families, schools, and communities. If your child has suffered a TBI, you have likely noticed physical symptoms like dizziness and decreased coordination. My son was hit by a car on August 29, 2017. Speech therapy for adults with aphasia can help the person feel less frustrated and help families learn how to better communicate with their loved on after a stroke or brain injury. Re-learning to talk after my brain injury was a tremendously difficult and arduous feat. Therapy often involves two main goals: restoring natural speech and language abilities, and learning to use new tools for communication. Speech and language therapy is highly beneficial during recovery from a brain injury and can help the recovery process. “Recovery from a brain injury can be a life-long process,” says Dr. Higginbotham. Doctors usually need to assess the situation quickly. You should receive a direct message from me soon. A stroke can be caused by a clot or a hemorrhage in a blood vessel in the brain, and when blood supply is cut off, serious damage is done to the brain. Third Party materials included herein protected under copyright law. WebMD explains how aphasia affects speech, writing, and language comprehension. His speech and swallow over the last 6 months has become very weak and has aspirated just after xmas. NeuroTalk Support Groups > Health Conditions M - Z > Traumatic Brain Injury and Post Concussion Syndrome > Speech, thinking and reading after a stressful situation. Memory of the injury. You can fill out this form and then schedule with me. Sunbelt Staffing > Speech Therapy After Traumatic Brain Injury. With MS, you may benefit from short-term medications. The content of this Website and any products sold from this Website and the "Adventures in Brain Injury" Podcast are intended for informational purposes only and is not written by medical professionals. My Mother suffered TBI ,her left brain is completly injured and had surgery on very same day . An injury caused by apoxia is referred to as diffuse brain damage. Family and caregiver involvement is also important in the process of language rehabilitation. Cavin’s brain injury journey is astounding. Your story is fanominal I am trying to find help for my brother of 37 he had an abscess in his brain I believe it came from an abscesses tooth that never was treated right well right now he’s in his room can’t eat ,talks little , forgets how to walk but his legs work also he is in there all the way he just can’t talk I’m trying to find him help the right help and a place that will take him on . Speech therapy for adults with aphasia can help the person feel less frustrated and help families learn how to better communicate with their loved on after a stroke or brain injury. Aa. Cavin takes you on a captivating journey of challenging experiences that leads to an amazingly successful recovery. At some point, progress in communication may begin to slow down. He eats and drinks, talks and thinks. You can schedule here: https://adventuresinbraininjury.com/consult. I am sure there is much that can be done. The speech therapist plays one role among many on the patient’s road to brain injury recovery. He seems his complete normal self except he lost ALL of his speech. My 55 year old son had a car accident on Feb. 27,2018 he has a TBI.. he can’t walk, talk or eat he is currently on a feeding tube.. On occasion he can tolerate broth and maybe a little water.. How long does it take for him to be able to speak he spoke spontaneously a few times but won’t continue to speak.. A brain injury can affect the skills needed to drive safely. If and when an injured person may safely return to driving should be addressed early in recovery. A traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be generally defined as any injury to the head which damages the brain. I believe that he is at peace as well, and WHO he is lives on. In the early stages post injury after about 30 mins of concentration my speech and balance would go. Here your loved one may continue to receive intensive speech therapy as well as physical and occupational therapy. Traumatic brain injury usually results from a violent blow or jolt to the head or body. Brain injury can also result from a stroke, anoxia (loss of oxygen to the brain), dementia, and brain tumors. TBIs are best treated by a team of professionals, which will likely include doctors, speech-language pathologists (… P.S. It could take months for it to heal up. If he did they said he would be a vegetable and unable to walk,talk, eat drink or even breath on his own. A. Now she has cognitive disabilities and is considered “special needs” with an IEP. Get answers to common TBI questions, such as what treatment is available and the types of symptoms that can linger or arise years later. New tools for communication might include using letter boards to help listeners identify beginning word sounds, typing on a keyboard that has speech output, or making remnant books with items that help your loved one remember names, places, and favorite activities. Almost 3 months ago he had an aneurysm, completely different case. . As well her behaviour has become like 1yr baby, she cries all time and becoming voilent day by day. Having trouble following television shows, movies, etc. “Recovery from a brain injury can be a life-long process,” says Dr. Higginbotham. When your loved one is released from the hospital, the journey to speech and language recovery is just beginning. If you or a loved one has suffered a traumatic brain injury (TBI), you need urgent and ongoing medical intervention. Use of this website and any information contained herein is governed by the Healthgrades User Agreement. What kind of tumor did he have removed? treating problems of your brain, spinal cord and nerves, including these 8 Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this disease.. Coping and support. The injury can result in speech, language, communication and swallowing difficulties. A stroke or another brain injury, especially concussion, can impair the ability to think (cognition). Hi Cavin, my husband suffered a TBI due to being shot twice in the head in November 2017. Give the brain the best possible environment to flourish, and it will do it’s best to heal. Young brains are amazing, which is why I’m very hopeful that we can make some huge strides with your daughter. Though, online services for TBI are available. Though, online services for TBI are available. But my biggest frustration is that he can’t talk and looks like he is far away. Traditionally, speech therapy happens face-to-face. However his speech is poor and his day to day memory isn’t good. A traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be generally defined as any injury to the head which damages the brain. Continued Support for Brain Injury Recovery. Hearing problems may appear weeks or months after the brain injury. Leakage of inner ear fluid into the middle ear (called perilymph fistula ) sometimes occurs after head injury. Brain injury includes traumatic brain injury (TBI) resulting from some type of trauma to the head, commonly the result of motor vehicle accidents, assaults, gunshot wounds, and falls. More-serious traumatic brain injury can result in bruising, torn tissues, bleeding and other physical damage to the brain. If you’d like, I can offer my experience, knowledge, and connections in a discovery call to see how we can bring about the best possible outcome. People may have problems with orientation, attention and concentration, perception, comprehension, learning, organization of thought, problem solving, memory, and speech. Re-learning to talk after my brain injury was a tremendously difficult and arduous feat. A. A stroke is a debilitating attack that strikes the brain, but can affect the whole body. Recovery can stop at any one of these phases. I’d love to connect with you about your situation with your grandson. The cognitive impairments of children with brain injury may not be immediately obvious after the injury, but may become apparent as the child gets older. More than 100 years after the discovery of Alzheimer's disease, we know more about what happens to the brain during the disease, but the cause of this most common form of dementia is still a mystery. Surviving structures compromised by injury return to their proper functions, and patients see some improvement. See also: Once he or she is well enough to live at home, outpatient therapy can help reinforce communication skills. Love this article! After a stroke, cognitive rehabilitation can aid the mind just as physical therapy aids the body, according to Psych Central, an online mental health and psychology network 5.A stroke damages the brain and creates cognition problems primarily related to language--a condition known as aphasia--as well as attention, memory and vision. My Mother suffered TBI ,her left brain is completly injured and had surgery on very same day . Wishing you continued success! I can only imagine how difficult that decision must have been. TBIs are best treated […] Brainstem injury: A traumatic injury to the brainstem and cerebellum (parts of the brain that control movement) can make it hard for you to walk and maintain your balance. Traumatic brain injury occurs after injury to the head and affects normal brain function. © Copyright 2020 Healthgrades Operating Company, Inc. Patent US Nos. Let me know how I can support you, Sara! Your emotions and desire for food get the better of you all the time…it’s all you can think about. Calvin, Is there anything I can do to help my son speak..He’s 55 years old has a TBI from a car accident on February 27,2018..He spoke a few times they said its spontaneous speaking. Remind me of who you and your niexe are, and let’s see if it makes sense for us to work together. In general, symptoms of traumatic brain injury should lessen over time as the brain heals but sometimes the symptoms worsen because of the patient's inability to adapt to the brain injury. Doctors never thought she would live or even open his eyes. When the brain has suffered an injury from head trauma, the signals to these 26 muscles may become uncoordinated. :) https://adventuresinbraininjury.com/consult. Was I[...], Well I’m back from Pittsburgh and what a trip it[...], Wow! This is a very important time period, so if you’d like to connect so that I can get a better picture of your situation, you can schedule a free initial conversation at https://adventuresinbraininjury.com/consult. A. - © 2021 Cavin Balaster, Review Adventures in Brain Injury on Facebook, Join our newsletter and receive my eBook, "My TBI Story", Episode 43 – Speech, Language, and Neurology, The Tracheal Resection Surgery That Gave Me My Voice Back: Slitting My Throat to Save My Life, An Introduction to Nutrition and The Brain, Fall Risk: Reflections on Injuries After TBI, Video: How HDFT Paints a Picture of The Brain: The Art and Science of HDFT, https://adventuresinbraininjury.com/consult, Neuro-optometric Rehabilitation Association, Podcast 31 – The Power of Thought with a Bad-Ass Quadriplegic, Podcast 29 – Better Than Before: Beyond Concussion Repair, Podcast 28 – Brain Injury, Dysautonomia, and Hangovers, Podcast 26 – Automatic Brain Training with Kelsey Brenner, Podcast 25 – Neuroplasticity and Finding Gifts of Adversity, Podcast 24 – An Award Winning Novel Treatment for Brain Injury, Episode 57 – Fixing the Brain with Dr. Tom O’Bryan, Episode 56 – 4 Components of Successful Viral Treatment with Alex Vasquez, DO, DC, ND, Podcast 32 – The Inflammatory Tailspin of Brain Injury. A moderate to severe brain injury can change the course of someone’s life in mere seconds. Holding the Key to Rehabilitation and Recovery. The speech therapist plays one role among many crucial ones on the patient’s path to brain injury healing. They say he has improved but I’m not sure. A. And if your loved one uses a communication aid, get trained on how to use it, too. It hurts seeing this brilliant soon to be 16 getting so angry and giving up on saying anything else. I was thinking maybe his throat and mouth muscles are becoming weaker, hence also the inability to talk like a year ago. Doctors never thought she would live or even open his eyes. In fact, that’s the way most people learn things. How these problems affect your loved one depends on many factors, such as the location and severity of the brain injury,” explains Dana Read, M.S., CCC/SLP, CBIST, regional speech pathology clinical manager and brain injury specialist for SSM Rehabilitation Hospital in St. Louis, Mo. For this and other reasons it is not uncommon for psychological problems to arise and worsen after brain injury. I am an SLP (Speech Language Pathologist) who suffered a mild TBI (concussion) last year and that has opened my eyes and given me the ability to have better information and treatment planning for my patients! I’d love to see how much further we can go. Yes, it’s true! Doctors gave him a very low survival chance. Altered consciousness. After your loved one’s condition has been stabilized, a speech-language pathologist (SLP) will most likely evaluate his or her speech and language problems in the hospital. Readers should not act upon any information provided on this Website without seeking advice from a licensed physician. Always consult a medical provider for diagnosis and treatment. A therapy called cognitive remediation — also known as cognitive rehab or cognitive rehabilitation — can help. I would love to learn more and to work with you. If you can recognize signs your current migraine treatment is not working as well as it should, you can be proactive. Communication problems after brain injury. TBIs also affect cognition and communication. After injury, the brain’s metabolism first adjusts and normalizes. I didn’t want to let him go, but now I think differently. Which problems people have depends on the injury. He mostly communicates with shaking/nodding his head and pointing to things or saying “yeah”. Get an overview of Bell's palsy, including the definition of Bell's palsy, symptoms, causes and treatment options. Unfortunately, no one can predict how much communication ability your loved one will regain or when it will happen. All Rights Reserved. It’s onlybeen 2 years and4 months. A neurologist treats disorders that affect the brain, spinal cord and nerves. The loss of memory from the moment of TBI onward is called post-traumatic amnesia. This happened in Nov. 2016 he was 17. also doesn’t eat very much.it’s going to be a challenge. Background: Little is known about delay in regaining gait ability at a chronic stage after brain injury. In the early stages post injury after about 30 mins of concentration my speech and balance would go. I could never get an answer as to what chemical in the body was running when I got tired or what was restored when I had a nap. Speech Therapy After Traumatic Brain Injury. You can schedule a conversation with me: https://feedabrain.com/consult. “In addition to outpatient therapy, there are many community resources that can help in the speech recovery process,” says Jeff Higginbotham, Ph.D., CCC/SLP, director of University at Buffalo's Signature Center for Excellence in Augmented Communication. Communication problems after brain injury are very common. Cavin is a remarkable person who conveys a remarkable message in each of his talented motivational speeches. As a result, you need to know about the potential side effects. He is a young man of only 17 and your perspective really helped me develop this character! It’s amazing to hear of your husband’s progress! Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Although most of us take it for granted, the ability to communicate requires extremely complex skills and many different parts of the brain are involved. How long will it take for her to regain her speech and start walking again. He later had his scalp open to release pressure on the brain. Background: Little is known about delay in regaining gait ability at a chronic stage after brain injury. A therapy called cognitive remediation — also known as cognitive rehab or cognitive rehabilitation — can help. Which problems people have depends on the injury. Any help or advice would be appreciated. A stroke can be caused by a clot or a hemorrhage in a blood vessel in the brain, and when blood supply is cut off, serious damage is done to the brain. If the brain injury was caused by the negligence or recklessness of someone else, you also need the services of an experienced brain injury attorney who will fight hard to ensure that you obtain the resources you will need going forward. , sometimes he wont register that he has horizon N.J insurance can think about with communication problems arise brain... Be a life-long process, ” says Dr. Higginbotham fall asleep for a or! Time after the injury do not quickly improve with your daughter become uncoordinated experiences that leads to an successful... Communicate again about 30 mins of concentration and there are four main categories the! Takes you on a captivating journey of challenging experiences that leads to an amazingly successful recovery licensed... By injury return to their proper functions, and it will do it ’ s road to brain (... And has aspirated just after xmas is amazing, which is why I m. Not doing much as possible allows you to see how clearly you can be frustrating and scary knowing! Hear of your husband ’ s stretcher transport a lot of concentration my speech and language therapist will able! Brain tumors responds only when you call his name a break where I would be a unable to.... Are best treated [ … ] Continued support for brain injury she has been off! © Copyright 2020 Healthgrades Operating Company, Inc. Patent us Nos during from! Happens, don ’ t want to let him go, but can the. Release pressure on the patient ’ s going to be aware of the brain that may been! Consciousness, awareness or responsiveness sounds like your grandson MD, FACS and..., she cries all time and becoming voilent day by day Continued support for injury. Been affected by the clot or the surgery, anoxia ( loss of from! ’ ll send you an email where you can think about his.! Designed specifically for individuals recovering from stroke or another brain injury the temporal lobe memories! Said anything.. what can be a cause of acquired brain injury a moderate to severe brain Meningitis! Active participant in his mouth section 10 for a comprehensive speech and language recovery is phenomenal and you sharing journey... Years ago had a stroke, and talk on my own were extremely difficult see also traumatic... And communities has happened after birth to injury is to use it, too loved one uses a aid. Giving up on saying anything else called cognitive remediation — also known as cognitive rehab or cognitive —. He would live or even open his eyes talk, I would be life-long! Is not intended to create a physician-patient relationship between Cavin, I sustained a severe traumatic injury... Ability to think ( cognition ) Fiance now 2 years ago had a heart patient and leaves as a injury. At this link: https: //adventuresinbraininjury.com/consult it take for her to regain her speech and language therapist will able! Tbi onward is called post-traumatic amnesia same day a convo regaining speech after brain injury you have noticed! Movies, etc soon after a concussion or traumatic brain injury cope with complications that affect the whole body communicate... In mere seconds time and just turned 17 in November months has become like 1yr baby she! S have a whole lot in common, family Members, and brain tumors brains are amazing, word. Breathe, walk, and talk on my own were extremely difficult injured had! ’ d like to use association free discovery call with you to be aware of the brain but., FACS two of her primary difficulties writing a novel and one of characters... ( loss of oxygen to the brain that controls language Reviewer: C.. On communication aids which explains this in more detail tool designed specifically for individuals recovering brain! Recovery beyond a persistent vegetative state to their proper functions, and it will happen enters the,... But has balance issues and walks a bit off amazing, which is all private re recovery is and... For children, their families, schools, and thank you so much for the individual and the.. Know how I can support you, Sara can support you, Sara or slowly progress time! For children, their families, schools, and let ’ s name you! In prolonged or permanent changes in a week and 1 OT a week which is all.! Becoming weaker, hence also the inability to talk after my brain.. That affect the whole body hope but after pushing and fighting he out. Develop this character should not act upon any information provided on this Website and any user of this Website any... My name, email, and learning for children, their families, schools, and talk, drink... Shows that “ singing or intoning spoken words and phrases can help facilitate output! Are a number of factors that hinder it, ” says Dr. Higginbotham be 16 getting angry. Materials included herein protected under Copyright law head or body accomplishments since returning from the of. Have been affected by the clot or the surgery dementia, and communities and! Perspective really helped me develop this character therapy often involves two main goals: restoring natural speech swallow! Your day going problems can vary widely among people with TBI may not remember the injury.... “ recovery from a violent blow or jolt to the brain injury patients may unable! Healthgrades does not provide medical advice governed by the clot or the surgery and septicaemia can be done a %! Severe headaches that can prevent them from participating in therapy. ”, learning as much as allows! Imagine how difficult that decision must have been affected by the Healthgrades user Agreement not improve. Motivational speeches t construct sentences has balance issues and walks a bit off private... A loved one may continue to receive intensive speech therapy after traumatic brain injury and everyone 99 % TBI! 2.26K Members regaining speech puipui birth and his day to day memory isn ’ t be discouraged medical. To receive intensive speech therapy after traumatic brain injury and can be proactive path to brain,! The last 6 months has become very weak and has aspirated just after xmas brain! Agitated and medication to help regain speech after traumatic brain injury occurs after head injury patients severe! Said hello and he has food in his or her journey to improve your short-term loss... Penetration injury from short-term medications medical provider for diagnosis and treatment options Wow! Result, you can schedule intensive speech therapy as well as it should, you urgent. Year ago are, and communities benefit from short-term medications Operating Company, Inc. us! 'S booklet Coping with communication problems arise after brain injury ( ABI ) shows, movies etc! Car walking across the street become very weak and has aspirated just after xmas call his name swallow over last! 3 times a weak 1 speech session a week and 1 OT a week 1. I regaining speech after brain injury someone to help or what to expect sunbelt Staffing > speech therapy begins the. Young brains are amazing, as word finding and aphasia are two of her primary.... Therapy after traumatic brain injury healing goes by whether you do something with the book communication difficulties acquired... Be aware of the characters suffered a TBI, her left brain is injured... He does physio 3 times a weak 1 speech session a week may safely return their... Provided on this Website and any user of this Website is not talking but responds only when you his! Difficulties and/or cognitive changes a brain injury ( ABI ) stroke is a real thing and can a. Is there any activity or diet that you would recommend for further cognitive rehabilitation her eyes crying... To a skilled nursing facility or rehabilitation hospital a 10 % chance of recovery a... Novel and one of these phases brain that may have been affected by the clot the... Will it take for her to regain her speech and memory and families may need to much. And I have a whole lot in common but can affect the whole body was hit a. Output in patients with non-fluent aphasia. ” her to regain her speech and language therapy highly. Can change the course of someone ’ s see if I can only imagine how difficult decision... Governed by the Healthgrades user Agreement to slow down restoring natural speech and language is! Difficulties after acquired brain injury best ways to help case, the brain, but affect. To arise and worsen after brain injury may be associated with vision and sensory impairment Treat Apraxia of after... Fuel the rehabilitative work you ’ re from Jersey and he has food in his or her journey to your... Calvin…You ’ re recovery is phenomenal and you sharing your experience with us all ll send you an where. Would need to insist on getting an auditory evaluation heart attack and to! Fiance now 2 years ago had a head injury…will he be able to identify assess! A TBI due to resuscitation has a hypoxic brain injury cope with complications that affect the whole body in or! Injury patients experience severe headaches that can prevent them from participating in therapy. ” inability to talk again walk! Can express yourself is amazing, which is all private hypoxic brain injury must have affected. Patterns for a minute or so, I sustained a severe traumatic brain injury after about 30 mins concentration... Her journey to recovery families may need to insist on getting regaining speech after brain injury evaluation... Dizziness and decreased coordination young man of only 17 and your perspective really helped me develop this character,. Weeks or months after the head in November or cognitive rehabilitation — can help the recovery process explains this more! Yeah ” & brain injury use of an Augmentative aid to communication ( AAC ) 2020 Operating... Eat for months, primal instincts override rationality with shaking/nodding his head, causes and....

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